How Hard Can it Really be to Count Fish? - Fisheries Independent Data Collection

It’s simply impossible to accurately count each individual fish swimming in the Gulf of Mexico, but not for lack of desire. The size, depth, and diversity of the Gulf makes accounting for every single fish unmanageable using current technology.

The first article in this series, “How Hard Can it Really be to Count Fish?” describes how scientists use fisheries-dependent data collection to monitor fish populations by tracking harvest and fishing effort. While fisheries-dependent information is important for management and plays a role in stock assessments, it has its limitations. To use an analogy: you can’t estimate the amount of water in a well by simply looking in the bucket. Likewise, you can’t assess a fish stock by simply looking at what is being caught - you have to study the fish directly.

Fisheries-independent data collection does just that. State, federal, and university-based fisheries scientists directly sample fish populations in a variety of ways to collect information about the life history and abundance of each species.

Life history studies focus on the biology of a fish. The way a species survives and reproduces plays a major role in its ability to sustain a healthy population. Fisheries scientists use the following techniques to study the life history of fishes in the Gulf of Mexico:

Photo: Amy Piko

Otolith Analysis - An otolith is a bone found in the fish’s ear. Much like counting the rings of a tree trunk, the age of a fish can be determined by counting the rings on an otolith. This information, paired with information about the length of a fish, is used to determine the growth rates of fish and estimate the percent of fish at each age in a stock.

Photo: Karen Burns

Gonad Analysis - Gonads, or the reproductive organs of a fish, can be analyzed to determine the potential for spawning success. Reproductive information collected from gonads includes the age at

which a fish first spawns, the male to female ratio within a population, and the number of eggs produced by a female each year.

Photo: Emily Muelstein

Capture and Release - A couple different techniques are used to study the death rates, growth rates,

and movement of fish. Scientists catch fish, tag them, and ask anglers who recapture them to report information about location and size of the fish.

To determine whether a fish survives release they are either fitted with acoustic tags that monitor movement, or they are placed in underwater cages and revisited after a few days time.

In addition to life history information, fisheries-independent studies collect information on how many fish are in an area. The techniques used to study abundance all measure the amount of fish caught per unit of effort. When compared year after year, these studies can show trends in population size and location.

Photo: NOAA

Trawl Surveys - Researchers pull large nets behind a research vessel and observers are sometimes placed aboard shrimp vessels to monitor bycatch. These survey techniques are used mostly to estimate the amount of juvenile fish of a particular species that can potentially grow large enough for harvest (often red snapper).

Photo: FWRI

Traps - Baited fish traps are placed in different types of habitat (artificial structures, natural reefs, and sand bottom, among others) to compare which species are present at each type of location.

Photo: NOAA

Direct Observation- SCUBA Divers survey different areas and count fish.

Photo: FWRI

Video Surveys - Video cameras are placed in different habitats to record and measure the amount of

fish in the area, and to gather information about fish size.

Photo: Emily Muelstein

Hook and Line - Scientists also collect information about fish by fishing with standardized gear and sometimes using electric reels. This is an effective way to collect samples around structures that would interfere with nets and other types of sampling gear.

Photo: Kathy Hoak

Longlines - A longline is a very long fishing line with multiple hooks branching off the main line.

Longlines can be miles long and rigged with hundreds of hooks at a time. Longlines that fish vertically can be used around structure, but lines fished at the surface or along the bottom are intentionally set to avoid it.

Photo: NOAA

Plankton Tows - Bongo nets are used to collect small organisms drifting in the water. Tiny fish found in the plankton samples can indicate the number of young born each year, and scientists can estimate their potential to grow into adults that can later be harvested.

Fisheries science is so complex because the subject it studies is vast, difficult to access, and exists in an ever-changing environment. The wide variety of fisheries-independent and fisheries-dependent studies performed in the Gulf of Mexico provide us with snapshots of different aspects of the fishery. The conclusions drawn from each individual study have value on their own, but assessing a stock throughout the entire Gulf requires a combination of all of these studies in order to formulate a comprehensive understanding of what’s going on.

The final installment of “How Hard Can it Really be to Count Fish?”

will describe how scientists combine the conclusions drawn from individual studies for use in a Stock Assessment, which gives fisheries managers the information they need on a stock’s status so they can make management decisions. 

Gray Triggerfish

Gray Triggerfish

How to measure the 14" fork length minimum size limit

The latest gray triggerfish stock assessment concluded that the stock is both overfished and experiencing overfishing.

The Gulf Council has just asked that an interim rule be put into place to temporarily reduce overfishing until long-term management measures can be developed. The interim rule reduces the triggerfish Annual Catch Limit and Annual Catch Target, and if the Annual Catch Target is met the fishery can be closed for the rest of the year.

The Council is also developing an amendment to the Reef Fish Management Plan (Amendment 37) that will permanently adjust the gray triggerfish Annual Catch Limit and Annual Catch Target once the interim rule expires.  Amendment 37 also considers making changes to commercial size limits and trip limits, and recreational size limits, seasons, and bag limits to keep triggerfish harvest inline with stock rebuilding goals. The document can be found here. 

If you’re on the edge of your seat and want to know more….

Photo: Ocean Triggerfish - NOAA Library

In 2006 a stock assessment indicated that gray triggerfish was experiencing overfishing. The Council developed a rebuilding plan for gray triggerfish in reef fish Amendment 30A that aimed to rebuild the stock in 10 years (by 2017). Unfortunately, the latest gray triggerfish stock assessment concluded that the stock was still experiencing overfishing and the stock is overfished.

The Gulf Council’s scientific advisors recommended that the gray triggerfish Acceptable Biological Catch be set at 305,300 pounds. The current stock Annual Catch Limit (the amount of fish that can be harvested each year) is more than twice as high (659,000 pounds) as the Acceptable Biological Catch, and must be reduced.  

The proposed interim rule will set 2012 Annual Catch Limits and Annual Catch Targets for each sector. The Acceptable Biological Catch will be allocated 79% recreational and 21% commercial, resulting in the following for 2012:

2012	Annual Catch Limit	Annual Catch Target
Commercial	64,100 pounds	60,900 pounds
Recreational	241,200 pounds	217,000 pounds

And, just to add a bit of perspective, this is a graph of the commercial and recreational landings of gray triggerfish from 1981 through 2010:

Commercial and recreational landings of gray triggerfish from 1981 to 2010

As you might notice, in recent years landings of gray triggerfish have declined. In 2009 a total of 482,000 pounds were harvested and in 2010 a total of 352,000 pounds were harvested.

The amendment that is expected to follow the interim rule considers making a number of changes to triggerfish management including:

Photo: Troy Frady

·      Shortening the current rebuilding plan
·      Increasing the commercial minimum size limit
·      Establishing a commercial closed season
·      Establishing a commercial trip limit
·      Increasing the recreational minimum size limit
·      Establishing a recreational closed season
·      Establishing a triggerfish-specific recreational bag limit
·      Enabling NOAA Fisheries to close the fishery if the Annual Catch Target is reached

The Council plans to review a draft of this document in August, and public hearings are expected to take place in September.

As always, don’t hesitate to email me if you have any questions.